SOLVED SOC402 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion

[zareen]

Due Date: 26-11-2019

Objectives:
SEMESTER Fall 2019 Sociological Perspectives (SOC402)
Assignment No. 01 Major Sociological Perspectives
Assignment marks: 20
 The main objective of this assignment is to make students familiar with the basic assumptions of major sociological perspectives, prominent theorists and their level of orientation.
 The second objective is to enable students to relate how macro and micro level phenomena work together and influence each other.
Background
Sociology is a reasoned and rigorous study of human social life, social groups, and societies. At the heart of sociology a distinctive point of view called “the sociological perspective”. Thus sociology offers a perspective, a view of the world. There are different perspectives that being a sociologists you go through at micro and macro levels.
Task 01:
Following are the main Sociological Perspectives given in the below table, your task is to mention each with level of orientation (micro/macro), prominent theorists and basic assumptions/ideas of each.

Perspectives	Level of Orientation	Prominent theorists (any two )	Basic assumptions/ideas(any two)
Functionalism
Conflict
Social Exchange/Rational Choice
Interactionism
Phenomenology
Ethnomethodology

Marking Scheme:

 Level of orientation 01 mark for each
 Theorists 01 mark for each
 Ideas 02 marks for each
Question:
Explain the ways that your micro-level social world of relations with family and friends is influenced by macro-level structures or cultural influences of the wider environment? 04
Note: Only in the case of Assignment, 24 hours extra / grace period after the due date is usually available to overcome uploading difficulties which may be faced by the students on last date. This extra time should only be used to meet the emergencies and above mentioned due dates should always be treated as final to avoid any inconvenience.
Important Instructions:
Please read the following instructions carefully before attempting the assignment solution.
Deadline:
 Make sure that you upload the solution file before the due date. No assignment will be accepted through e-mail once the solution has been uploaded by the instructor.
Formatting guidelines:
 Use the font style “Times New Roman”/ “Arial” and font size “12”.
 It is advised to compose your document in MS-Word.
 Use black and blue font colors only.
Solution guidelines:
 Every student will work individually and has to write in the form of an analytical assignment.
 Give the answer according to question.
 For acquiring the relevant knowledge don’t rely only on handouts but watch the video
lectures and use other reference books also.
Important:
You can consult various sites to complete this work. So you are advised to give references of visited sites. Those students will be encouraged who prepare the assignment in their own words and show their potential. Copy paste practice will be highly discouraged. Best of luck

Rules for Marking

   
Please note that your assignment will not be graded or graded as Zero (0) if:
It has been submitted after due date
The file you uploaded does not open or is corrupt
It is in any format other than doc (MS. Word)
It is cheated or copied from other students, internet, books, journals etc…

[zareen]

Q. 1 Solution:

Perspectives	Level of Orientation	Prominent theorists (any two )	Basic assumptions/ideas(any two)
Functionalism	Macro	Talcott Parsons Rober K. Merton	1. The general interrelatedness or interdependence of the system’s parts; 2. The existence of “normal” state of affairs, or state of equilibrium, comparable to the normal or healthy state of the organism; and 3. The way that all parts of the system reorganize to bring things back to normal
Conflict	Macro	Karl Marx Max Weber	1. People have number of basic “interests,” things they want and attempt to acquire. Common to all. Nothing specified. 2.Power is the core of social relationships. 3.Values and ideas are seen as weapons used by different groups to advance their own ends rather than as means of defining a whole society’s identity and goals.
Social Exchange/Rational Choice	Micro and Macro	George Homans Peter Blau	1. People more or less act rationally and on the bases of their interests. 2. Rewarding exchange of interactions are repeated. 3. Reward can be basis for rational choice. 4. Continual exchange of actions makes people conditioned. 5. Emergence of patterns of social exchange . 6. Enables sociologists to predict patterns of behavior on both small and large scales.
Interactionism , i. Phenomenology, ii. Ethnomethodology	Micro	George Mead Herbert Blumer, i. Alfred Schutz, ii. H. Garfinkel	1. Emphasis on face to face interaction of humans rather than on the working of the social system as an abstract entity. 2. Emphasis on meanings rather than functions i.e. sociology has to be an interpretive science. 3. Emphasis on lived experience rather than an abstracted concept of society. Focus on the way human agents experience regularized patterns of social interaction, and support them.

Question: Explain the ways that your micro-level social world of relations with family and friends is influenced by macro-level structures or cultural influences of the wider environment? 04

Solution:
The structures and patterns of the macro-level social world help constrain and shape our behavior through “micro” system in which we are involved. This mutual interdependence of individuals’ micro-level social actions and macro-level social structures is particularly important in analyzing recurrent or general patterns of behavior that are widespread throughout society. Such patterns can be analyzed independently of particular individuals in their local contexts.
For example, sociologists or social theorists may be interested in explaining how changing birth rates may be related to the state of the economy or general cultural attitudes toward children, even though individual decisions to have or not to have children will reflect personal choices that are not at all oriented consciously toward trends in birth rates or the overall state of the economy or the culture. Similarly, social theorists may seek to understand patterns of upward or downward socioeconomic mobility in a society without reference to particular individuals who are trying to
“get ahead” or “get by” in terms of their own personal well-being. From the standpoint of particular individuals in their local settings, the overall structures and dominant cultural patterns of a society may be taken as background or context, and their primary focus is the specific situation in which they find themselves. However, to understand society itself, sociological analysis at the macro level must focus on the major institutions of society as well as differences among people such as those based on social class, race/ethnicity, gender, or age. This means that our analyses of major institutional structures must be linked with an understanding of how individuals are stratified into various socioeconomic classes and numerous other categories that distinguish them from one another.

[zareen]

Q. 1 Solution:

Perspectives	Level of Orientation	Prominent theorists (any two )	Basic assumptions/ideas(any two)
Functionalism	Macro	Talcott Parsons Rober K. Merton	1. The general interrelatedness or interdependence of the system’s parts; 2. The existence of “normal” state of affairs, or state of equilibrium, comparable to the normal or healthy state of the organism; and 3. The way that all parts of the system reorganize to bring things back to normal
Conflict	Macro	Karl Marx Max Weber	1. People have number of basic “interests,” things they want and attempt to acquire. Common to all. Nothing specified. 2.Power is the core of social relationships. 3.Values and ideas are seen as weapons used by different groups to advance their own ends rather than as means of defining a whole society’s identity and goals.
Social Exchange/Rational Choice	Micro and Macro	George Homans Peter Blau	1. People more or less act rationally and on the bases of their interests. 2. Rewarding exchange of interactions are repeated. 3. Reward can be basis for rational choice. 4. Continual exchange of actions makes people conditioned. 5. Emergence of patterns of social exchange . 6. Enables sociologists to predict patterns of behavior on both small and large scales.
Interactionism , i. Phenomenology, ii. Ethnomethodology	Micro	George Mead Herbert Blumer, i. Alfred Schutz, ii. H. Garfinkel	1. Emphasis on face to face interaction of humans rather than on the working of the social system as an abstract entity. 2. Emphasis on meanings rather than functions i.e. sociology has to be an interpretive science. 3. Emphasis on lived experience rather than an abstracted concept of society. Focus on the way human agents experience regularized patterns of social interaction, and support them.

Question: Explain the ways that your micro-level social world of relations with family and friends is influenced by macro-level structures or cultural influences of the wider environment? 04

Solution:
The structures and patterns of the macro-level social world help constrain and shape our behavior through “micro” system in which we are involved. This mutual interdependence of individuals’ micro-level social actions and macro-level social structures is particularly important in analyzing recurrent or general patterns of behavior that are widespread throughout society. Such patterns can be analyzed independently of particular individuals in their local contexts.
For example, sociologists or social theorists may be interested in explaining how changing birth rates may be related to the state of the economy or general cultural attitudes toward children, even though individual decisions to have or not to have children will reflect personal choices that are not at all oriented consciously toward trends in birth rates or the overall state of the economy or the culture. Similarly, social theorists may seek to understand patterns of upward or downward socioeconomic mobility in a society without reference to particular individuals who are trying to
“get ahead” or “get by” in terms of their own personal well-being. From the standpoint of particular individuals in their local settings, the overall structures and dominant cultural patterns of a society may be taken as background or context, and their primary focus is the specific situation in which they find themselves. However, to understand society itself, sociological analysis at the macro level must focus on the major institutions of society as well as differences among people such as those based on social class, race/ethnicity, gender, or age. This means that our analyses of major institutional structures must be linked with an understanding of how individuals are stratified into various socioeconomic classes and numerous other categories that distinguish them from one another.