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EDU602 Quiz 2 Solution and Discussion

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Solution
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Q.1 SOLUTION:
Case Identification Explanation Scenarios 1 Neurobiology Alina belongs to Neurobiology and developmental neurobiology (sub specialization of neurosciences); because Alina conducted some experiment to know about the hypothalamus and its activities. After conducting some experiments, she comes to know that hypothalamus plays a significant role in eating behavior of rats. 2 Neuroendocrinology Afifa wants to know influences of hormonal secretions on behavior. She studied about all the hormonal changes of the body so according to the scenario it comes on Neuroendocrinology which is also subfield of neurosciences. In this field; we study about the human’s internal system, their work and also their effects on human behavior. 3 Neuro Pharmacology This scenario belongs to medicine which cure the mental illness of the patient that is why this scenario will discuss on the Neuropharmacology, because pharmacology is the studies of medicines either medicines of physical illness or mental illness. It is obvious thing that every medicine has some side effects with their good effects. But people should take medicines for getting good result of some serious illness.
Q.2 SOLUTION:
Natural selection affects all living organisms, in keeping a species strong and fit for existence under the conditions in which it is living. Natural selection pressures can work only in the presence of genetic variability Adaptations made in one generation; if beneficial would be carried on to the next generation there is constant process of adaptation. If species do not adapt they do not survive (dogs which do not learn to watch for cars on the road, die which means the end of their genes). Primates developed extensions to help in survival/hunting (young chimps use hollow sticks for ants), as they could not compete with the stronger hunters and predators.
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Freeze drying

Freeze drying (lyophilization) is a dehydration process which allows water to sublimate directly from solid phase to vapour phase at and below the freezing temperature of the material. Sub-atmospheric pressure (< 40 Pa) is maintained in most freeze-drying operations and the condensed water is immediately removed (Pikal, 2007). Freeze drying has been for decades one of the most preferred preservation methods for culture collection maintenance (Morgan et al., 2006). Due to high viability losses, an initial bacterial load of greater than 107 viable cells/mL has been recommended to ensure sufficient cells survive the freeze-drying process, thereby giving better success in storage, reconstitution and propagation (Bozoglu et al., 1987).

At commercial scale, operational and capital costs of freeze drying are very high. The freeze-drying process operates in batch mode and requires long drying times and large drying units to achieve mass production. Even so, freeze drying is currently the only drying method used at commercial scale for production of starter cultures intended for use as primary acid producers in dairy fermentations.

It is reported that the majority of bacterial death occurring during freeze drying happens during the freezing stage before the drying (sublimation) process commences. A slow freezing rate leads to higher bacterial death in the subsequent sublimation stage (Uzunova-Doneva and Donev, 2002). Rapid freezing, with formation of smaller ice crystals, favours better bacterial survival. On the other hand, formation of large ice crystals during slow freezing causes structural and physiological injury to the bacterial cells and causes damage to cell membranes that cannot be repaired upon subsequent drying or rehydration (Gardiner et al., 2000).

Many studies have exploited the addition of ‘protectant’ substances to enhance survival, and have investigated the use of low-cost food ingredients as protectants rather than substances such as glycine betaine (Cleland et al., 2004). Recent examples include work by Jagannath et al. (2010), who studied the survival of various probiotic bacteria after freeze drying. The survival obtained ranged from 67% to 70% depending on bacterial species. Zamora et al. (2006) compared the survival of twelve strains of lactic acid bacteria after freeze drying and reported a range from 3.3% to 100% depending on the bacterial type and protectant type used. For example, the survival of four strains of Lactococcus garviae was reported to be 100% when non-fat skim milk was used as the protectant (Zamora et al., 2006). Reddy et al. (2009) studied survival of three probiotic lactic acid bacteria with eleven different protectants (at various solids concentrations), and suggested that these protected not only the viability of the probiotic lactic acid bacteria but also their functional properties.
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@zareen said in CS614 Assignment 2 Solution and Discussion:

Calculate the total space reserved in memory using normalization

Calculate the total space reserved in memory using normalization1. Calculate the total space reserved in memory using normalization
Total space used = 10 x 40 + 110 x 70
= 8.1 GB
2. Calculate the total space reserved in memory after de-normalization using pre-joining technique

Total space used = ( 70 + 40 – 10) x 110
= 11,000
= 11GB

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EDU602 Quiz 2 Solution and Discussion

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