Answer to Q#1
Modern transponders can carry many different types of communications traffic. They can also receive signals from multiple ground stations, combining (multiplexing) or splitting (de-multiplexing) them for onwards transmission to other multiple ground stations. This method, by which many users share a common satellite resource, is called Multiple Access. There are several schemes for accomplishing this, each with its benefits and drawbacks.

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) allocates a time slot to the user in a repetitive time frame. The signal is digitized and the data bits are stored in a buffer in a compressed time frame until their allocated time slot comes around when they are transmitted during their allocated time. At the receiver end of the link the bits are rearranged, spreading them out to reassemble the original digital signal and converted back to analogue form. The signal occupies the entire transponder bandwidth, but only during its allocated time slot. The rest of the time the bandwidth is available to other users. Digital signals typically have better noise immunity than analogue signals.

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) shares the bandwidth between the users, with each user allocated a unique, narrower section of the available bandwidth. It works with analogue signals and all users have uninterrupted use of their own narrow frequency band or channel with all users occupying the available bandwidth simultaneously, each within their own narrow channel. The sender’s signal, called the baseband signal, is frequency shifted into the allocated frequency band for transmission and the receiver restores it back to the baseband.

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) also known a Spread Spectrum, modulates the user’s signal with a pseudorandom code so that it occupies the full available spectrum, appearing as noise. The receiver uses the same pseudorandom code in an auto correlator device, which only recognizes a signal modulated with the same auto code and thus separates it from the noise. CDMA is more complex but has better noise immunity and provides greater security than the other two systems.

Answer to Q#2
• Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)
• Example: Satellite Phones

Answer to Q#1

A transponder is a wireless communications, monitoring, or control device that picks up and automatically responds to an incoming signal.
Transponders are microwave repeaters located at intermediate points in a communications link, which are used to compensate for the signal attenuation along the route to extend the range of the link. They receive the very weak signals from a sender at one end of the link, amplify them, and re-transmit them at much higher power to the receiver at the other end of the link. The whole purpose of a communications satellite system is to place a transponder in position, to keep it there and to keep it powered up. Because of the very high launch costs, for satellite systems to be economically justified, the transponder should be able to carry high traffic volumes including television channels as well as dozens of multiplexed voice communications and other data links. It should also be small and light.

Questions: Marks 10

Question # 1 Marks 10
An organization has its satellite-based network that it provides direct broadcast services. This organization comes across signal attenuation problem due to the long distance communication links, which results in the poor service.
As a network engineer, what you will advise to that organization to compensate this attenuation?

Answer to Q#1

A transponder is a wireless communications, monitoring, or control device that picks up and automatically responds to an incoming signal.
Transponders are microwave repeaters located at intermediate points in a communications link, which are used to compensate for the signal attenuation along the route to extend the range of the link. They receive the very weak signals from a sender at one end of the link, amplify them, and re-transmit them at much higher power to the receiver at the other end of the link. The whole purpose of a communications satellite system is to place a transponder in position, to keep it there and to keep it powered up. Because of the very high launch costs, for satellite systems to be economically justified, the transponder should be able to carry high traffic volumes including television channels as well as dozens of multiplexed voice communications and other data links. It should also be small and light.

Answer to Q#2
Being a networking engineer, he should suggest the use of polynomial codes to the organization for desired objective.
The benefits of using polynomial codes is that it produces short codes. For example, here a 6-bit pattern is replaced by 3 terms.
In polynomial codes, the degree is 1 less than the number of bits in the binary pattern. The degree of polynomial is the highest power in polynomial. For example as shown in fig degree of polynomial x5 +x2 + 1 are 5. The bit pattern in this case is 6.
A pattern of Os and 1s can be represented as a polynomial with coefficient of o and 1.
Here, the power of each term shows the position of the bit and the coefficient shows the values of the bit.
For example, if binary pattern is 100101, its corresponding polynomial representation is x5 + x2 + 1. Figure shows the polynomial where all the terms with zero coefficient are removed and x J is replaced by x and XO by 1.

Q. 1 Solution Idea

Devices Visibility Consistency Constraints Affordance Keyboard Keyboard design is a good design all the Alphabet and numeric are in different section also the special function key are arranged in top of the keyboard, specially delete button is very good deployed at right top, which cannot be accidentally pressed during any typing. Keyboard has strict constraint i.e if we want to used special character which are on numeric buttons these cannot be activated without pressing the shift button. Or some button on keyboard especially on laptop is only work with pressing “fn” key. Atm machine ATM has good visibility because it have a limited amount of button on his left and right side and only some limited amount of processing screen. ATM has low consistence because there is no similar function to perform. ATM machine have strongly constraint because without the limited amount of action the individual can nothing to do. ATM Machine have no good affordance because naive users have facing a lot of difficulty while using the ATM. Digital watch Digital watch have no good visibility because its screen is not visible in full sun light and in darken area. It is not consistence device because every button has its function, we cannot perform similar task with different button or method. Digital watch has less affordance because its button have no label, so the naïve user can not configure the time or date. Digital camera It has consistence function because every time we press the button the same work will be done against mentioned button. Good constraint because a person cannot capture video except listed format. Also we cannot change function or setting of camera. Less affordance because the new user can used Digital camera with facing some difficulties.

Q.2
Solution Idea:

Q1. Write a subroutine that will find the first even number from an array of your VU ID and calculate its factorial. (10 Marks)

Note: Skip 0’s in your VU ID as shown below,
VU ID: BC190206435
After skipping 0’s, array would be:
Array: 1, 9, 2, 6, 4, 3, 5
The first even number is 2 in the array so its factorial will be calculated and saved in AX register.
Solution:

[org 0x100] jmp start data: dw 1, 9,2,6,4,3,5 ;initiliazation checkEven: mov dl,0002h mov ax,[data+bx] mov cx,[data+bx] xor ah,ah xor ch,ch div dl cmp ah,00h ;checking remainder je fact add bx,2 jmp checkEven fact: mov ax,0001 mov dx,0000 mult: mul cx loop mult ret start: mov si,00h mov bx,si call checkEven mov ax,0x4c00 int 0x21

Q2. Write a code in assembly language (using appropriate jumps) equivalent to this given code in C. (10 Marks)
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n1=1, n2=2;
int largest;
if( n1>n2)
largest=n1;
else
largest = n2;
return 0;
}

Solution:

Assembly code:

[org 0x100] jmp start n1 db 1 n2 db 2 largest db 0 start: mov ax, [n1] xor ah,ah mov bx, [n2] cmp ax,bx ja large mov [largest],bx large: mov [largest],ax mov ax, 0x4c00 int 21h

name "vga" ; this program draws a square in vga mode. org 100h jmp code ; dimensions of the square: ; width: 50 pixels ; height: 50 pixels w equ 50 h equ 50 ; set video mode 13h - 320x200 code: mov ah, 0 mov al, 13h int 10h ; draw upper line: mov cx, 100+w ; column mov dx, 20 ; row mov al, 0010 ; green u1: mov ah, 0ch ; put pixel int 10h dec cx cmp cx, 100 jae u1 ; draw bottom line: mov cx, 100+w ; column mov dx, 20+h ; row mov al, 0001 ; blue u2: mov ah, 0ch ; put pixel int 10h dec cx cmp cx, 100 ja u2 ; draw left line: mov cx, 100 ; column mov dx, 20+h ; row mov al, 35 ; pink u3: mov ah, 0ch ; put pixel int 10h dec dx cmp dx, 20 ja u3 ; draw right line: mov cx, 100+w ; column mov dx, 20+h ; row mov al, 20 ; gray u4: mov ah, 0ch ; put pixel int 10h dec dx cmp dx, 20 ja u4 ; pause the screen for dos compatibility: ;wait for keypress mov ah,00 int 16h ; return to text mode: mov ah,00 mov al,03 ;text mode 3 int 10h ret

Helping Material

Solution Idea:
Answer No.1:
How decision support system helps to organization:
Helps in Decision Making.
Decision support systems (DSS) are interactive software-based systems intended to help managers in decision-making by accessing large volumes of information generated from various related information systems involved in organizational business processes, such as office automation system, transaction processing system,
Enhance effectiveness.
A second category of advantage that has been widely discussed and examined is improved decision making effectiveness and better decisions. Decision quality and decision making effectiveness are however hard to document and measure. Most researches have examined soft measures like perceived decision quality rather than objective measures. Advocates of building data warehouses identify the possibility of more and better analysis that can improve decision making.
Improve interpersonal communication.
DSS can improve communication and collaboration among decision makers. In appropriate circumstances, communications- driven and group DSS have had this impact. Model-driven DSS provides a means for sharing facts and assumptions. Data-driven DSS make “one version of the truth” about company operations available to managers and hence can encourage fact-based decision making. Improved data accessibility is often a major motivation for building a data-driven DSS. This advantage has not been adequately demonstrated for most types of DSS.
Competitive advantage.
Vendors frequently cite this advantage for business intelligence systems, performance management systems, and web-based DSS. Although it is possible to gain a competitive advantage from computerized decision support, this is not a likely outcome. Vendors routinely sell the same product to competitors and even help with the installation. Organizations are most likely to gain this advantage from novel, high risk, enterprise-wide, inward facing decision support systems. Measuring this is and will continue to be difficult.

Part-(b)
Identify the techniques & DSS model in each of the following example scenario
S.NO
Scenario
Technique
DSS MODEL
01
What would happen to sale when you cut down advertising cost 20 %
What if analysis
Model Driven Model
02
Increase the cost of advertisement until sale reach to $ 2 million
Goal Analysis
Model Driven Model
03
Find out about this year revenue in compare to previous year
Data Mining
Data Driven Model
04
Past admission analysis using exploration of data and discovering features and pattern
Data Mining
Data Driven Model
05
To receive 950 dollars what number of item must be solved at the cost of 10$
Data Mining
Model Driven Model
06
What is the prediction on sale of next year
Data Mining
Data Driven Model

Question no 2:
Identify the type of information system or related sub system that describe the following scenario
01
Management information system to measure the success of your client with your product service
02
Content Management System used to manage contacts, forecast and generate reports for sale
03
Management information system that maintain the correct amount of inventory and notify when under stockage occur.
04
Management information system that guaranteed that produced or completed material shipped to the consumer complies with the company’s quality standards
05
CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM used to notify the customers about product recommendation based on the previous order
06
Material requirement planning system Tracks the whole conversion process of raw material into the finished goods

Part-(b)
Three point between project life cycle and software development life cycle (SDLC)
PDLC
SDLC
PDLC is defined as a process that is responsible for bringing to market a new product and generally includes the business units.
SDLC on the other hand, is used for developing particular software products. SDLC is primarily aimed at solving a specific software problem that may arise.
PDLC Phases Are As Follows
Idea generation and screening
Research
Development
Testing
Analysis
Introduction

SDLC Phases Are As Follows
Requirements gathering or analyzing user requirements
Designing the program
Coding the program
Documentation and testing of the system

The project lifecycle concerns itself more with the planning and user facing aspects such as Plan, Execute, QA, UAT, Go Live!
The SDLC involves steps such as develop, build, test, and promote, debugging/fix.

Idea Solution:

@zareen said in STA630 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion:

sampling and sampling technique

Sampling is the process whereby some elements (individuals) in the population are selected for a research study. The population consists of all individuals with a particular characteristic that is of interest to the researchers. If data are obtained from all members of the population, then we have a census; if data are obtained from some members of the population, then we have a sample. With probability sampling, a researcher can specify the probability of an element’s (participant’s) being included in the sample. With non probability sampling, there is no way of estimating the probability of an element’s being included in a sample. Although often more difficult and expensive, probability sampling is a methodologically more precise method to obtain a sample that is representative of the population. With simple random sampling, each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. The four steps of simple random sampling are
(1) defining the population,
(2) constructing a list of all members,
(3) drawing the sample, and
(4) contacting the members of the sample. Stratified random sampling is a form of probability sampling in which individuals are randomly selected from specified subgroups (strata) of the population. This method can be used to increase the representativeness of the sample and/or to allow comparisons to be made among individuals in the different strata. Convenience sampling is quick and inexpensive because it involves selecting individuals who are readily available at the time of the study (such as introductory psychology students). The disadvantage is that convenience samples are generally less representative than random samples; therefore, results should be interpreted with caution. Quota sampling involves the selection of a certain percentage of individuals from specified subgroups of the population when the population is large and lists of members are not available. Many polling organizations use this technique. Appropriate sample size depends on various considerations, including population variability, statistical issues, economic factors, and availability of participants. In general, with larger samples you will have a smaller margin of error and you can detect smaller differences. The larger the variability of scores in the population, the larger the sample must be in order to be representative. Sampling error includes systematic error and random error.Systematic error occurs when the sample is not properly drawn (an error of the researcher). Random error is the degree to which the sample is not perfectly representative of the population. Even with the best sampling techniques, some degree of random error is expected. Increasingly, we are exposed to information based on sample data. Understanding the principles of sampling, particularly the limitations of various methods, should make us more critical consumers of such information.

Idea Solution:

Which of the following is not primitive type in java?

Array