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ECO404 GDB1 Solution and discussion

zaasmi Cyberian's Gold last edited by

Total Marks 5
Starting Date Wednesday, July 31, 2019
Closing Date Tuesday, August 06, 2019
Status Open
Question Title GDB
Question Description
The case:

Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) has started pre-Hajj operation from 4th July, 2019, and it will continue till fifth of the next month as per the decision of Minister for Aviation Ghulam Sarwar Khan in Islamabad. It was told by minister that PIA has planned a total of 294 flights for intending pilgrims. As per this plan suppose PIA is offering 10 flights per day from Lahore to Saudi Arabia. Due to the heavy rush of Hujaj Karam manager of PIA, with the approval of Minister for Aviation, has decided to add 11th flight per day in order to avoid any unavoidable circumstances. If minister of Aviation permits and it becomes possible then it would cost Rs.180, 000 per flight, or Rs.2000 per available seat and this decision is also helpful to increase revenue of the PIA.

Requirement:
Being a student of economics identify which type of cost is applied for this decision to add the hajj flight per day. Will that identified concept of cost be relevant for decision making purposes or not? Discuss.
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Solution of Graded Activity for Pre Mid

Lecture # 9
Q1: What will be cost of equity if a company has paid a dividend of Rs. 4 at constant growth rate of 4% while stock’s current price is Rs. 60?
ke = ( D1 / P0 ) + g Where
D1 (Expected div.)= D0 (1+g)
ke = (4*1.04/60)+0.04 ke = 0.0693 + 0.04
ke = 0.1093 or 10.93%

Lecture # 12
Q2: Output level is 8,000 units with variable cost of Rs. 6 per unit and total fixed cost Rs. 60,000. If sale price is Rs. 9 per unit then what will be the profit / loss?
Total cost = Total FC + Total VC
Total cost = 60,000 + (6*8,000)
Total cost = 60,000 + 48,000 = Rs. 108,000
Total revenue = Sale price * Output level Total revenue = 9 * 8,000 = Rs. 72,000
Profit / loss = Total revenue – total cost = 72,000 – 108,000 = Rs. -36,000 There is a loss of Rs. 36,000

Lecture # 14
Q3. Suppose a portfolio consists of three projects A, B & C where each project requires an initial investment of Rs. 65,000. If present value of cash flows of projects A, B & C is Rs. 80,000, Rs. 73,000 and Rs. 82,000 then what will be ranking of each project based upon profitability index criterion?
Projects Initial Investment (Rs.) PV of cash flows (Rs.) PI = (PV/Initial Investment) Ranking A 65,000 80,000 1.23 2 B 65,000 73,000 1.12 3 C 65,000 82,000 1.26 1
Lecture # 15

Q4: There are two states of economy, Boom & Recession. Probability of occurrence of Boom is 45% while Recession is 55%. Suppose stock A expected return in Boom (state of economy) is 12% while in Recession is 7%. Stock B expected return in Boom (state of economy) is 20% while in Recession is 3%.
If an investor invests 70% in stock A and 30% in stock B then what is the total expected return of the portfolio?

Total Expected return (Stock A) = 0.120.45 + 0.070.55
Total Expected return (Stock A) = 5.4% + 3.85% = 9.25%

Total Expected return (Stock B) = 0.200.45 + 0.030.55
Total Expected return (Stock B) = 9% + 1.65% = 10.65%

Total Expected Return (portfolio) = 0.70 * 0.0925 + 0.30*0.1065
Total Expected Return (portfolio) = 0.06475 + 0.03195 = 0.0967 or 9.67%

Lecture # 18:

Q5: A capital structure consists of 10% preferred stock, 55% common equity and 40% debt. Company’s preferred stock is currently selling for Rs. 55 per share and paying dividend of Rs. 4. If cost of common equity is 15% and after tax cost of debt is 6% then what will be WACC?
Cost of preferred stock (Kps) = D / P
Kps = 4/55 = 7.27%
WACC=Wce * Kce + Wps * Kps + Wd Kd (1-T)
WACC= 0.550.15 + 0.100.0727+ 0.400.06 WACC= 0.0825 + 0.00727+ 0.024 = 0.1138 or 11.38%
Note: A solution with weightage of 5% of preferred stock will also be considered correct WACC=Wce * Kce + Wps * Kps + Wd Kd (1-T)
WACC= 0.550.15 + 0.0.050.0727+ 0.40*0.06
WACC= 0.0825 + 0.003635+ 0.024 = 0.1101 or 11.01%
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Solution:
Dust is everywhere and everywhere is dust. It will get on and inside your lens. Lenses are manufactured in extremely clean factories, where manufacturers go to great lengths to try to eliminate dust from the environment. Even then, brand-new lenses may have dust between the lens elements.
Dust, however, is not the main enemy. A lens that sits on a shelf in your home for years and collects a thick layer of dust will, obviously, produce image-quality issues. But, a few specs of dust here and there on or inside the lens will have no effect on image quality. A few specs of dust on or inside the lens will have no effect on image quality. That statement was intentionally repeated.
Trying to keep your lenses dust free through continual cleaning may serve to shorten the life of your lens, as you run the risk of scratching the lens surfaces every time you clean the glass.
Remove as much dust and dirt as possible from the lens with a blower or soft bristled brush.
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Actually, it’s difficult to compare the cryptographic strengths of symmetric and asymmetric key encryptions. Even though asymmetric key lengths are generally much longer (e.g. 1024 and 2048) than symmetric key lengths (e.g. 128 and 256), it doesn’t, for example, necessarily follow that a file encrypted with a 2048-bit RSA key (an asymmetric key) is already tougher to crack than a file encrypted with a 256-bit AES key (a symmetric key).

Instead, it would be more appropriate to compare asymmetric and symmetric encryptions on the basis of two properties:

Their computational requirements, and

Their ease of distribution

Symmetric key encryption doesn’t require as many CPU cycles as asymmetric key encryption, so you can say it’s generally faster. Thus, when it comes to speed, symmetric trumps asymmetric. However, symmetric keys have a major disadvantage especially if you’re going to use them for securing file transfers.

Because the same key has to be used for encryption and decryption, you will need to find a way to get the key to your recipient if he doesn’t have it yet. Otherwise, your recipient won’t be able to decrypt the files you send him. However way you do it, it has to be done in a secure manner or else anyone who gets a hold of that key can simply intercept your encrypted file and decrypt it with the key.

The issue of key distribution becomes even more pronounced in a file transfer environment, which can involve a large number of users and likely distributed over a vast geographical area. Some users, most of whom you may never have met, might even be located halfway around the world. Distributing a symmetric key in a secure manner to each of these users would be nearly impossible.

Asymmetric key encryption doesn’t have this problem. For as long as you keep your private key secret, no one would be able to decrypt your encrypted file. So you can easily distribute the corresponding public key without worrying about who gets a hold of it (well, actually, there are spoofing attacks on public keys but that’s for another story). Anyone who holds a copy of that public key can encrypt a file prior to uploading to your server. Then once the file gets uploaded, you can decrypt it with your private key.

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