-
Topic :
Major Highlights of Agriculture Sector of Pakistan in (2019 to 2020)
Introduction:
Agriculture constitutes is the largest sector of our economy.Majority of the population, directly or indirectly, dependent on this sector.
It contributes about 24 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and accounts for half of employed labour force and is the largest source of foreign exchange earnings.
It feeds whole rural and urban population. Realizing its importance, planners and policy makers are always keen to have reliable area and production statistics of agricultural crops well in time.
Policy makers primarily need accurate and timely statistics for the important crops such as wheat, cotton, rice, sugarcane, maize etc.
Agriculture contributes 18.5 percent to country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and provides 38.5 percent employment to national labour force.
But it remains backward sector of the economy while high performing agriculture is a key to economic growth and poverty alleviation.
Over the last decade, the performance of agriculture sector has fallen short of desirable level, mainly because of stagnant productivity of all important crops.
Cropped area of the five traditional crops has also largely remained unchanged.
Climate change also poses a serious challenge to Pakistan’s agriculture and threatens country’s water availability and food security.
The government of Imran Khan is trying its best to help the farmers by providing agriculture inputs at affordable prices and ensuring better prices of their produce.To guarantee food security, it is necessary to enhance domestic agricultural production through increased productivity (increasing per acre yield).
Although Pakistan has rich production potential in agriculture, livestock and fisheries, yet for sustainable economic growth and prosperity, the development of these sectors on long-term basis is of fundamental importance for country’s growth and prosperity.
This calls for efficient utilization of production resources by adopting modern technologies and establishment of realistic marketing system.
The Prime Minister’s taskforce on agriculture has taken a holistic view of the issues faced by the agriculture sector and has made some sound recommendations for improving productivity of agriculture sector.
-
Step By Step Tutorial How to use Cyberian.pk
User must be Login/Register to post any topic, reply, discussion, upvote, downvote, etc. You are unable to access like search and other feature data without login. Let suppose you need to post a New Topic Discussion in CS101 please follow these steps. New TopicTab as shown in Top of each Categories
NOTE: Please read carefully Privacy Policy before Join Cyberian
A popup window will be opened as seen above picture. Enter your topic title here…
Please follow these rules, for topic approval.Subject Code Like CS101
Assignment 1, Quiz 1, GDB 1 etc
(Use like “CS101 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion”)Your content should be relevant to the topic and categories.
After content box you will see the Tag, where you can put max 5 tags, like
CS101, Assignment 1, Solution, Discussion, Fall 2019Ask as a Question that will help to earn more reputation.
Before submit the topic, please check the your category selection is right?
Now your topic is ready to publish after admin approval, if you have enough reputation your topic will be approved automatically.
You can check your reputation in your profile.
Lear more How to get reputation earning
If you have any question please contact us
-
How Sub4Sub Can Get your Channel Terminated
When creators use “sub4sub” to get more subscribers on YouTube, not only it is ineffective in getting subscribers who will actually watch your videos, but it is actually violates YouTube’s Community Guidelines, which is grounds for a YouTube Community Guidelines strike and eventually having your channel terminated. Fortunately, you get a warning and three strikes before it comes to that, so it won’t be a surprise, but still isn’t something worth doing to grow your channel, get more views, and subscribers.
Did you know that doing sub for sub is actually a violation of YouTube terms of service? And you can have your account terminated, your YouTube channel gone, for doing it.
Let me point out to you exactly what that is, and what happens if you do sub for sub.
Hey guys, my name is @Zahid-Asam and welcome to Video Creators.
We are all about helping you guys grow your YouTube audience so you can spread a message that reaches people, and changes their lives. And one of the worst ways of doing that is actually by doing sub for sub.
I get that comment tons here on this Discussion at Video Creators.
In fact, every single video seems like the very first comment I get is sub for sub, sub for sub. And one, it’s a terrible way to grow your audience because if anyone does subscribe, they’re subscribing, not because of the value that you’re providing in your channel, but because that they are gonna get another subscriber back.
It really doesn’t do anything to help grow your channel guys. And apparently YouTube thinks the same thing, because they have it right in their community guidelines that anything considered spam, including sub for sub, is grounds for termination.Let me read it to you.
Before I do that though, I’m at my new house. Just bought it, gonna find a good spot to sit down and set this up for you guys.
I got it right here.
It’s under YouTube spam, deceptive practices and scams policies, which you can find out, I’ll link it down below.
Let’s first read the comments spam section.
It says, "Comments where the sole purpose "is to gather personal information from users, "misleadingly drive users off YouTube, “or perform any of the prohibited behaviors noted above.” So what are the prohibited behaviors noted above?
Let’s just go straight up to the block right above it where it says, "Incentivization spam. "Content that sells engagement metrics such as views, "likes, comments, or any other metric on YouTube. "This also includes content where the only purpose "is to boost subscribers, views, or other metrics, “e.g. sub for sub content.”
YouTube specifically mentions sub for sub as spam, even in the comments section. Can’t get around that.
So if sub for sub is prohibited, then how do we grow our channels? What can we do to get more subscribers, more views, grow our channel, grow a business that reaches people and changes more lives?
Well, there’s a few things.
Number one, is really to figure out what value do you wanna provide to people?
Like, why should they subscribe?
Why should they watch your channel? And being able to clearly define that, and answer that, is really important so that other people know what they’re getting and what they should be subscribing for, and why they should watch more of your channel. And then number two, you really need to know exactly who that person is. Like, who are you going after on YouTube?
Who is the person that’s going to subscribe and get that value and get that over and over and over and over again. I’ve said this many times guys, and I’m gonna say it again, that a generic strategy, reaching a generic audience, with generic videos is going to get very generic results. And I know you don’t want generic results. You want something way more and bigger than that. What you need is a strategy, a process, a system that’s gonna get you from point A to point B.
Where you are now, to where you want to go. And I put together a free guide for you, linked up down below.
It’s called “The secret to building your YouTube audience” and it’s a very practical guide to how to put that strategy together for your channel, for your audience, for your goals, for your content and everything that you’re trying to do on YouTube. And the best part is guys, it’s completely free.
All you have to do is click that link down below, go sign up and get it. It will be in your inbox in a few minutes, so you can get started right away. 'Cause look, ultimately this isn’t about views and subscribers, and popularity and money. Like, all those things are important, but here at Video Creators, we believe that all of those things are actually tools that we use to reach people and change their life. If those things are the goal, they can actually ruin your life.
But the more views and subscribers you get, the more people you have to impact. And the more money you make, the more sustainable that value becomes in reaching people and changing their lives with the message that I know you have.
It’s in you, you want to spread it. And that guide is gonna help you put together the right process to do that. So click this button you see on your screen right here to go download it. Completely for free, and I’ll see you guys over in that guide. But whatever you do, do not do sub for sub. It is not worth losing your channel over. -
Professor Hossein Saiedian
Abstract
Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
School of Engineering • University of Kansas
[email protected]
This document provides some minimal guidelines (and requirements) for writing a research paper. Issues related to the contents, originality, contributions, organization, bibliographic information, and writing style are briefly covered. Evaluation criteria and due dates for the research paper are also provided.
Keywords: Research Paper, Technical Writing, Computer Science, Software EngineeringIntroduction
One of the requirements of the graduate software engineering courses is that you conduct research and write a research paper on some aspects of software engineering. The paper may present original work, discuss a new technique, provide a survey and evaluation of recent work in a given area, or give a comprehensive and taxonomic tutorial information. The paper must emphasize concepts and the underlying principles and should provide authentic contribution to knowledge. If your paper does not represent original work, it should have educational value by presenting a fresh perspective or a synthesis of existing knowledge. The purpose of this document is to provide you with some guidelines. You are, however, encouraged to consult
additional resources that assist you in writing a professional technical paper.
The organization of this document is as follows. In Section 2, I’ll explain why it is important to write a research paper. Issues related to the paper topic are briefly discussed in Section 3. In
Section 4, issues related to the organization of your paper are discussed. Evaluation criteria are
given in Section 5. Sections 6 and 7 review formatting requirements and additional resources.
Section 8 presents an epilogue.Why a Research Paper?
There are many reasons why you should enhance your skills in writing a research paper. The most important ones are as follows:You should become familiar with the body of literature on “software engineering.” Through this process, you will become familiar with important computer science and software engineering literature, well-known authors and researchers, and the institutions where important research is taking place. Note that the emphasis here is on primary literature, i.e., reputable and original research publications. This definition excludes “review” and trade magazines. Examples of primary literature include: IEEE Software, IEEE Computer, ACM SIGSOFT Notes, Journal of Systems and Software, Communications of the ACM, ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodologies, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Software — Practice and Experience, Springer-Verlag series on Lecture Notes in Computer Science, and proceedings of conferences such as the International Conference on Software Engineering.
It is important that you learn how to find out what has been reported in the literature and how to actually obtain a research article. This includes taking advantages of local libraries, various on-line databases and the services of the Interlibrary Loan at the KU libraries.
Writing a dissertation is a must for Ph.D. students; a thesis option is becoming increasingly popular and valuable for Master’s students. Writing a research paper at this time provides you with the necessary background and experience that you will need to write a quality thesis or dissertation later.
By writing a research paper, you will develop an in-depth knowledge of a particular area in software engineering and will enhance your technical reading/writing abilities. It is important that you learn how to evaluate a body of literature and interpret it instead of just reporting what has been done.
It is also important that you learn how to set a research objective, define its scope, and to explicitly define its expected contributions. If you want your paper to be effective, you must have a well- and, clearly defined purpose; it is the purpose that holds together a piece of writing and gives it substance.
3. Research Topic
A topic and a proposal (two to three pages) describing what you intend to do. (See the separate guidelines for preparing the proposal.) A partial bibliography of at least 10–15 references related to your topic. A reasonably detailed outline. (See the separate guidelines for preparing an outline.) Tentative dues dates are shown in Table 1. Do not proceed until your research topic has been approved. If you need assistance in finalizing a topic, please see me, but you must first do the necessary research and investigative work for choosing an interesting topic.
The topic of research paper is largely up to you. Make it as narrow as possible by focusing on a very specific issue. Tackling too broad a topic makes your task difficult and a cohesive, thorough paper almost impossible. To help ensure this and to assure that both the topic and the focus are appropriate, please turn in the following items:Table 1: Due Dates
Item Due Date Proposal and 10–15 relevant references 3rd week of the semester Detailed outline of the paper 6th week of the semester First draft of the paper 12th week of the semester Final draft Week before the finalsNote that it is the contents that counts. Thus no page limit is set. However, a thorough examination of a topic will probably require around 3,500–4,500 words (or around 15-20 single
spaced pages with one inch margins) to adequately discuss an issue.(*1)4. Paper Organization
You should choose a descriptive title for your paper. The paper should have an abstract followed by the body of the paper followed by an annotated bibliography. The body of the paper should be divided into appropriately numbered sections, sub-sections, sub-sub-sections, etc.,
each with descriptive titles. A brief description of the major sections of your paper appears in the following subsections. Specific formatting requirements are given in Section 6.Descriptive Title. The title of your paper should be as informative as possible and should clearly identify both the general field of the paper and the particular branch of it under consideration.
Abstract. An abstract is a synthesis of your paper and should briefly describe its significance.
It should enable the readers to take in the nature and results of the paper quickly and decide whether they wish to read further. The size should be about half a page (single-spaced) and serve as a brief review of the paper’s contents and contributions. Make it clear and concise. Use full sentences and avoid references and technicalities. At the end of the abstract, you should
include 5–6 important keywords and/or phrases.
Introduction. The introductory section should provide a bridge from the abstract to the remaining discussion sections or the body of the paper. The first paragraph should be comprehensible to anyone interested in software engineering and should pinpoint the location of the subject matter. You should define/describe the questions and/or the topic that you will address. By defining and establishing the objectives of your paper in the introductory section, you clarify the goal and set the direction for the rest of the paper. At the end of this section, it is essential to indicate the scope of your paper, define the audience(*2) and describe the organization of your paper so that the readers know what to expect. The introduction should be between one to two pages.1I recommend using a reasonably powerful editor and word-processor. In particular, I strongly recommend
LATEX.2| It is a good idea to identify the audience of your paper. While evaluating your paper, I will assume the place of the intended audience to determine in what ways your paper is contributing to my knowledge.
Background/Review of the State of the Art. In the background sections that follow, you should provide an enlarged but focused description of pertinent literature organized clearly around the important questions and/or topics you posed in the introduction. The background information should be provided in enough detail to orient the reader who may not be a specialist in the subject under discussion and should establish connection with other results and studies. Make the background clear, crisp, and logically organized. Recall the following advice by Joseph Pulitzer, “Put it before them briefly so they will read it; clearly so they will appreciate it; picturesquely so they will remember it; and above all accurately so they will be guided by its
light.”
Research Question/Your Solution and Results. Present a precise statement of the problem or the question that you plan to address and discuss its significance. You do this by providing an analysis of the models and technologies you reviewed earlier, describing their shortcomings (if any) and how your work (solution) will complement them. Your description of results and evaluations must be well-documented. Make liberal use of tables, figures, and diagrams, and include literature references appropriately. Be concise
and informative. If you write concisely about any topic, you describe it in the fewest possible words but without sacrificing clarity. Do not confuse brevity with conciseness. Make sure there is smooth transition between the (sub-)sections.
Observations, Discussions, Validation This section should present and summarize the major points of your work and convince the reader that you have properly addressed or solved the problem introduced in Section 4. You should be candid in discussing failures as well as successful results. This and the earlier section should constitute the bulk of your term paper.
Conclusions. The conclusions section is placed at the end of the document, right before the bibliography. It concludes the paper by pointing out its major contributions and perhaps indicating interesting areas of research related to the paper’s topic that have not been addressed by you, but deserve future investigation.
References/Bibliography. The conclusions are followed by a list of references (or bibliography) items. Use the Harvard family of bibliographic styles (see the references at the end of this article). There are two primary forms of citation in the Harvard style dependent upon whether the reference is used as a noun or parenthetically. Furthermore, when there are more than
two authors, all authors are listed in the first citation. When you have multiple bibliography items for the same author in the same year, use alphabetic letters “a”, “b”, etc. to properly cite them. In subsequent citations use only the first author’s name followed by ‘et al.’ The following passage illustrates these points:
According to Ross, Goodenough & Irvin (1975), the essence of abstraction is to extract essential properties while ignoring inessential details. Others view abstraction as a process (Ghezzi, Jayazeri & Mandrioli 1998). For example, Ghezzi et al. (1998) state that “Abstraction is a process whereby we identify the important aspect of a phenomenon and ignore its details.” Abstraction is different from information hiding; in general, the purpose of information hiding is to make inaccessible the details that will not affect other parts of a system (Ross et al. 1975). Practically, every article that mentions information hiding traces its origin to (Parnas 1972). Budd (1997b) discusses both abstraction and information hiding in the context of object-oriented
programming. Some authors, e.g., Ghezzi et al. (1998), provide a more generalized view of Parnas’ view on information hiding while others’ are more specialized (Budd 1997a, Budd 1997b). In fact, Budd (1997a) provides specific examples in C++. The bibliography at the end of your paper should be as complete as possible. It is very likely that your references include journal articles, conference proceedings articles, books (or chapters in a book or in a collection), and technical reports. The following is a list of required3
items for each of such article:
• Journal Articles: author, title, journal, volume, number, year, pages [month].
• Books: author (or editor), title, publisher, year, edition, publisher address.
• Book Chapters: same as book and/or conference proceedings articles.
• Conference Proceedings: author, title, proceedings title, pages, year, publisher, [editor, month, place]
• Technical Reports: author, title, institution, year [number, address]
• Thesis/Dissertation: author, title, school, year, [address]
For other types of articles, please make a reasonable judgment as to what items must be included. Normally, author, title, year, and some information about the type of publication should be included. In addition to the URL address, you must include the corresponding author(s), title, and other pertaining information for all URL references. Save all your references
and be prepared to turn in any item if requested (*3).5. Evaluation Criteria
Content completeness, accuracy, and originality [30%] Paper results and contributions [40%] Organization (proper abstract, good title, appropriately numbered (sub) sections with descriptive titles, good transition between sections, use of diagrams and tables, good English) [20%] Appropriately chosen and annotated bibliography items [10%] 3| The bracketed items are optional.
5.1 Grading Criteria
Your paper will be graded according to the following criteria:6. Specific Formatting Requirements
An appropriately chosen topic and its well treatment should result in a paper about 3,500-4,500 words. Note that it is the quality of the contents that counts, not the length. If your paper is slightly smaller or larger, it will be OK provided that its contents are acceptable. Please do not take advantage of line spacing, font size and margin size options to force a perceived smaller
or larger paper. It will not work!
Organization. Organize your paper in terms of sequentially numbered sections, subsections, and sub-subsections, each with an appropriate title. The paper organization may be as follows:(*4)
• Paper Title
• Your name and contact information
• Paper abstract
• Introduction (problem statement)
• Background sections (may include a discussion of existing work, literature survey, justification of your work)
• Sections presenting your work (may include your solution, results, evaluations, validation, observations, case studies, application of concepts, etc.)
• Conclusions
• Bibliography
• Appendices (if necessary, may include items such as a large chunk of code that is necessary to be a part of the paper but is inappropriate to be included in the paper body)
Font Size. Use 11-point or 12-point font size.
Line Spacing. You may prepare your paper in single or double space format. If you choose to prepare in double space format, be sure to single space the title, abstract, itemized and enumerated lists, tables, and the bibliography.
Paper Margins. Allow 1-inch margins on all four sides and justify text on both sides.
Tables and Figures. Number all tables, figures, and similar items and use these numbers to explicitly refer to such items. Include a descriptive caption for each table or figure (or similar items). Be sure to use a uniform/consistent approach for citing such items and for presenting their captions.Please use this document as a model to organize your paper unless the “templates” you have found are more appropriate for your paper. Additional requirements may be given later.
4|As you will notice on the guidelines for the proposal and the paper outline, you will be requested to identify
several paper “templates” that best match your work and use their organization as your guidelines. By paper
templates, I mean the templates (organizations) other authors have used to present their work.7. Writing Resources
Zobel (1997) provides many tips on technical writing for computer science which I have found quite helpful and would recommend for further reading. An SEI technical-report by Levine, Pesante & Dunkle (1990) is directed specifically at software engineers, discusses the writing process in the context of software engineering, and suggests techniques for becoming an effective writer. A video version of this technical-report is also available. Please see me if you are interested. My “teaching” website provides links to the KU’s “Resources for Writers” and to other Internet sites that offer very useful advice on research and technical writing. See Appendix for the URL addresses.
8. Epilogue
When you read an article, in addition to learning its contents, pay close attention to the author’s writing style, sentence construction, referencing style, choice of words, etc. You will become a better writer by paying attention to how good authors write. Observe the mechanics of clear writing. Regardless of whom your audience is, you should use a specific, concrete, and precise language. Vary the length of sentences to maintain the readers’ interest. Make sure your transitions from one sentence to the next and from one paragraph to the next make the connections clear so that your reader can easily follow the flow of your ideas. Finally, pay attention to details; nothing offends a reader faster than incorrect spelling and/or a poorly
prepared document. If spelling is not one of your strong points, keep a dictionary. Watch for typos.
Writing a technical article involves more than just sitting down and writing, even if the subject is within your area of expertise. You must insist on conciseness, clarity, and accuracy and avoid pedantic, verbose, imprecise, and inaccurate materials. Furthermore, instead of simply regurgitating existing and known knowledge, present a synthesis from it.
Your term paper must be original, i.e., it should describe research work done by yourself. You must give appropriate acknowledgment and/or credit to other research work that you have used in preparing your paper. Therefore, it is important that you learn how to cite someone else’s work, when to quote, when and how much materials to include in indented quotations, etc.
Verbatim inclusion of other people’s writing in a paper, without acknowledging and crediting the source, is non-ethical and illegal (because it violates copyright protections). Please follow the link to “How to Quote (To Avoid Unintentional Plagiarism)” on my teaching website. The url is given in the Appendix.References
Budd, T. (1997a), Data Structures in C++ Using the STL, Addison-Wesley.
Budd, T. (1997b), An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, 2nd edn, Addison-Wesley.
Ghezzi, C., Jayazeri, M. & Mandrioli, D. (1998), Fundamentals of Software Engineering, 2nd edn, Prentice-Hall.
Levine, L., Pesante, L. & Dunkle, S. (1990), Technical writing for software engineers, Technical
Report SEI-CM-23, Software Engineering Institute.
Parnas, D. L. (1972), ‘On the criteria to be used in decomposing systems into modules’, Communications of the ACM 5(12), 1053–1058.
Ross, D., Goodenough, J. & Irvin, C. (1975), ‘Software engineering process: Principles, and goals’, IEEE Computer 8(5), 17–27.
Zobel, J. (1997), Writing for Computer Science: The Art of Effective Communication, Springer.Appendix: Resources for Technical Writing
5|Please note that because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, some of the urls may not be operational or reachable at all times Please see my teaching website for updated links.
The following websites offer valuable resources and advice on technical writing:(*5)
• How to quote (or how to avoid unintentional plagiarism):
www.depts.drew.edu/composition/Avoiding_Plagiarism.htm
• KU’s resources for writers:
www.writing.ku.edu
• Advice on research and writing:
www.cs.cmu.edu/∼mleone/how-to.html
• Technical writing and research ethics:
www.justinzobel.com -
At present, the HEC has no clear policy about self-plagiarism. The ED has also termed the HEC’s Turnitin software to find similarities, not plagiarism. The same tool has been given to the universities by the HEC to detect plagiarism of students and academics.
Preamble
In the wake of fundamental improvements being introduced in the system of Higher Education in Pakistan, the credit, respect, recognition of research and scholarly publications, career development and financial gains are now linked with such original works accomplished without replicating the efforts of other researchers. It has therefore become necessary that the menace of plagiarism is highlighted and curbed through exemplary punitive actions. On the other hand, we must also guard against bogus or false complaints in order to prevent victimization which may make researchers and scholars shy away from research simply because of the fear of prosecution. A Plagiarism Policy has therefore become necessary to create awareness, define various forms in which Plagiarism exhibits itself, present a methodology of investigation, cater for punitive action proportional to the extent of the offence and even address the issue of false or spurious complaints.Definition
According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, Plagiarism is defined as “taking and using the thoughts, writings, and inventions of another person as one’s own”. This, or various similar definitions found in recognized publications / documents, are very broad and can be used to create awareness about Plagiarism but are not practical enough to apply in order to ascertain guilt or innocence in specific cases. In order to establish the violation of ethical norms, or academic or intellectual dishonesty resulting from Plagiarism and to take punitive actions in this regard, it is necessary that the variety of forms in which Plagiarism manifests itself are known. These include but are not limited to the following:
• “Verbatim copying, near-verbatim copying, or purposely paraphrasing portions of another author’s paper or unpublished report without citing the exact reference.
• Copying elements of another author’s paper, such as equations or illustrations that are not common knowledge, or copying or purposely paraphrasing sentences without citing the source.
• Verbatim copying portions of another author’s paper or from reports by citing but not clearly differentiating what text has been copied (e.g. not applying quotation marks correctly) and /or not citing the source correctly” [1].
• “The unacknowledged use of computer programs, mathematical / computer models / algorithms, computer software in all forms, macros, spreadsheets, web pages, databases, mathematical deviations and calculations, designs / models / displays of any sort, diagrams, graphs, tables, drawings, works of art of any sort, fine art pieces or artifacts, digital images, computer-aided design drawings, GIS files, photographs, maps, music / composition of any sort, posters, presentations and tracing.” [2]
• “Self-plagiarism, that is, the verbatim or near-verbatim re-use of significant portions of one’s own copyrighted work without citing the original source.” [1]Explanation from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia on the web describes and explains Plagiarism as “the unauthorized use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one’s own original work. Unlike cases of forgery, in which the authenticity of the writing, document, or some other kind of object itself is in question, plagiarism is concerned with the issue of false attribution. Within academia, plagiarism by students, professors, or researchers is considered academic dishonesty or academic fraud and offenders are subject to academic censure. In journalism, plagiarism is considered a breach of journalistic ethics, and reporters caught plagiarizing typically face disciplinary measures ranging from suspension to termination. While plagiarism in scholarship and journalism has a centuries-old history, the development of the Internet, where articles appear as electronic text, has made the physical act of copying the work of others much easier. Plagiarism is different from copyright infringement. While both terms may apply to a particular act, they emphasize different aspects of the transgression. Copyright infringement is a violation of the rights of the copyright holder, which involves the loss of income and artistic control of the material when it is used without the copyright holder’s consent. On the other hand, plagiarism is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing author’s reputation. In the academic world, plagiarism by students is a very serious academic offense which can result in punishments such as a failing grade on the particular assignment (typically at the high school level), or a failing grade for the course (typically at the college or university level). For cases of repeated plagiarism, or for cases where a student has committed a severe type of plagiarism (e.g. copying an entire article and submitting it as his / her own work), a student may be suspended or expelled, and any academic degrees or awards may be revoked. For professors and researchers, who are required to act as role models for their students, plagiarism is a very serious offence, and is punishable by sanctions ranging from suspension to termination, along with the loss of credibility and integrity. Charges of plagiarism against students, faculty members and staff are typically heard by internal disciplinary committees, which students and faculty members have agreed to be bound by.” [3]
Wikipedia also describes Self-plagiarism as “the re-use of significant, identical, or nearly identical portions of one’s own work without acknowledging that one is doing so or without citing the original work. Typically, high public-interest texts are not a subject of self-plagiarism; however, the authors should not violate copyright where applicable. “Public-interest texts” include such material as social, professional, and cultural opinions usually published in newspapers and magazines.” [3]Aim: The aim of this policy is to apprise students, teachers, researchers and staff about Plagiarism and how it can be avoided. It is also aimed at discouraging Plagiarism by regulating and authorising punitive actions against those found guilty of the act of Plagiarism.
Applicability: The policy is applicable to students, teachers, researchers and staff of all institutions and organizations in Pakistan who are involved in writing or publishing their work. In this context a “Student” is a person who, on the date of submission of his / her paper / work is a registered student of any University or Degree Awarding Institution recognized by Higher Education Commission (HEC). “Teachers and Researchers” include faculty members or equivalent of the University / Organization or/of a constituent or affiliated college or researchers of an organization and such other persons as may be declared to be so by regulations. “Staff” is any employee of an organization involved in writing and publishing his / her work.
Any person listing his CV on the website or any current publication or applying for any benefit on the basis of published or presented work that is plagiarized will be liable to be punished as per prescribed rules.Responsibility of the Institutions & Organizations: All institutions and organizations are responsible to apprise their students, teachers, researchers and staff of the definition, implications and resulting punishments in case, after due investigation, they are found guilty of plagiarism. The institutions / organizations must acquaint their students, teachers, researchers and staff with this policy and ensure that they are fully aware that all authors are deemed to be individually and collectively responsible for the contents of papers published by Journals / Publishers etc. Hence, it is the responsibility of each author, including the coauthors, to ensure that papers submitted for publication should attain the highest ethical standards with respect to plagiarism. To facilitate the institutions / organizations in creating awareness about Plagiarism, a modified version of “Little Book of Plagiarism”, a publication of Leeds Metropolitan University is appended as “Annexure” to this policy. Any University or Degree Awarding Institution which does not adopt and implement this policy will have its degree derecognized by HEC.
Reporting: To inform HEC or respective Universities / Organizations of alleged plagiarism, a complaint is to be made by email, post, fax or other means to HEC Quality Assurance Division or respective Universities / Organizations. In case of lodging a complaint in the form of a letter, copy may be sent to HEC. The following information is to be provided:
a) “Citation of the original paper or document or idea which was plagiarized, (paper title, author(s), publication title, month and year of publication if available and the journal, in which published, with details). If the original paper is unpublished (e.g. an institutional technical report, an on-line paper), the complainant is to provide as much information as possible to ensure authenticity of the claim.
b) The citation of the alleged plagiarizing paper (paper title, author(s), publication title, month and year of publication if available and the journal with details in which published). If the paper is unpublished (e.g. an institutional technical report, an on-line paper), the complainant is to provide as much information as possible to ensure proper investigation.
c) Copies of both papers if possible.
d) Any other information that would help HEC or respective Universities / Organizations to efficiently resolve the claim.” [1]
e) Name, designation, organization, address, e-mail address and telephone number of the complainant.
Investigation:Upon receipt of an allegation of Plagiarism, the HEC Quality Assurance Division will request the respective Vice Chancellor / Rector / Head of the Organization to carry out investigation. The complaints received through HEC or directly by a University / Organization will be dealt with by the Universities / Organizations according to the procedures given below. The Vice Chancellor / Rector / Head of the Organization will have the discretion of not taking any action on anonymous complaints. For investigation of Plagiarism cases, the Vice Chancellor / Rector / Head of Organization will have an obligation to:
a) Constitute a “Plagiarism Standing Committee” consisting of 3 senior faculty members, a subject specialist in that particular field is to be co-opted, a senior student (only if a student is being investigated upon) and a nominee of the HEC.The seniority of the members of “Plagiarism Standing Committee” should be of a level keeping in view the seniority of the individual being investigated upon and the nature and gravity of the offence.
b) Provide a guideline, prepared by HEC for the functioning of the “Plagiarism Standing Committee”, to all members of the Committee.
c) Provide clear terms of reference to the “Plagiarism Standing Committee” for their investigation.
d) The members of the “Plagiarism Standing Committee” are to sign a confidentiality statement that during the investigation they will, under no circumstances, disclose any individual author’s name, paper titles, referees, or any other personal or specific information concerning the plagiarism complaint under investigation, nor shall they reveal the names of the committee members.
e) Provide opportunity to the author / authors under investigation to justify the originality of their concepts and research work. Similar opportunity will also be provided to the author whose paper is deemed to have been Plagiarized and / or the complainant, to justify the complaint.
f) Provide every opportunity to the “Plagiarism Standing Committee” to use all foreseeable means to investigate the plagiarism claim.The Plagiarism Standing Committee shall then conduct the investigation. Depending on the details of the claim, the investigation may include, but may not be limited to, any or all of the following steps:
a) Manual and / or automated tests for content similarity [1].
b) Determination of the extent and quantum of significant material plagiarized.
c) Soliciting comments to the claim, from the Editor-in-Chief (of a journal) or Program Chair (of conference proceedings) and referees of either or both papers.
d) Consultation with legal counsel. [1]
e) Consult / contact witnesses and record statements there-of if so required.
f) Consult / contact present and / or past employers of the authors.The “Plagiarism Standing Committee” will submit its report with clear cut findings and recommendations to the Vice Chancellor / Rector / Head of the Organization within a specified period not exceeding sixty days. The Vice Chancellor / Rector / Head of the Organization will have the discretion to implement the recommendations after approval through the statutory process and take punitive action against the offender as per penalties prescribed under this policy or to forward the report to HEC or his / her parent organization for further action if outside their purview / jurisdiction.
Penalties for PlagiarismPlagiarism is an intellectual crime. As such the penalties for plagiarism should not only take into account the severity and recurrence of the offence, but also the intellectual standing of the offender. This entails a gradual increase in punitive action with minimum punishment for a first time offence by a student who copies a home work assignment to a maximum punishment for a teacher/researcher/staff who attempts to present / publish, or actually presents / publishes plagiarized material; as his own, in a conference / journal. Therefore, the punishments for Plagiarism have been divided into two separate categories, i.e those for “Teachers, Researchers and Staff” and those for the “Students”. The groups have already been defined in para 5 above.
(a) Penalties for Teachers, Researchers and Staff: When an act of plagiarism, as described earlier in paras 2 and 3, is found to have occurred, the “Plagiarism Standing Committee” in its recommendations, DEPENDING UPON THE SERIOUSNESS OF THE PROVEN OFFENCE, will advise the Competent Authority of the Organization, to take any one or a combination of the following disciplinary action(s) against the teacher, researcher and / or staff found guilty of the offence:
(i) Major Penalty:In cases where most of the paper (or key results) have been exactly copied from any published work of other people without giving the reference to the original work, then (a) a major penalty of dismissal from service needs to be prescribed, along with (b) the offender may be “Black Listed” and may NOT be eligible for employment in any academic / research organization, and the notification of “Black Listing” of the author(s) may be published in the print media or may be publicized on different websites at the discretion of the Vice-Chancellor / Rector / Head of the organization.
(ii) Moderate Penalty:
In case where some paragraphs including some key results have been copied without citation, then a moderate penalty involving any one or both of the following needs to be imposed (a) demotion to the next lower grade, (b) the notification of “Black Listing” of the author(s) which may be published in the print media or may be publicized on different websites at the discretion of the Vice-Chancellor / Rector / Head of the organization.(iii) Minor Penalty:
In case a few paragraphs have been copied from an external source without giving reference of that work, then minor penalties need to be prescribed for a specified period involving any one or more of the following: (a) warning, (b) freezing of all research grants, the promotions/annual increments of the offender may be stopped, for a specified period and (d) HEC or the University / Organization may debar the offender from sponsorship of research funding, travel grant, supervision of Ph.D. students, scholarship, fellowship or any other funded program for a period as deemed appropriate by the “Plagiarism Standing Committee”.
(b) Students: When an act of plagiarism, as described earlier in paras 2 and 3, is found to have occurred, the “Plagiarism Standing Committee” in its recommendations, DEPENDING UPON THE SERIOUSNESS OF THE PROVEN OFFENCE, will advise the Vice Chancellor / Head of the Organization, to take any one or a combination of the following disciplinary action(s) against the student(s) found guilty of the offence:
(i) In the case of thesis the responsibility of plagiarism will be of the student and not of the supervisor or members of the Supervisory Committee.
(ii) The offender may be expelled/ rusticated from the University and from joining any institution of Higher Education in Pakistan for a period as deemed appropriate by the "Plagiarism Standing Committee”. A notice may be circulated among all academic institutions and research organization to this effect.
(iii) The offender may be relegated to a lower class.
(iv) The offender may be given a failure grade in the subject.
(v) The offender may be fined an amount as deemed appropriate.
(vi) The offender may be given a written warning if the offence is minor and is committed for the first time.
(vii) The degree of a student may be withdrawn if AT ANY TIME it is proven that he or she has presented Plagiarized work in his / her MS, MPhil or PhD dissertation if the extent of plagiarism comes under the category of major penalty as conveyed in Para 11(a-1).
(viii) The notification of the plagiarism by the author(s) may be published in the print media or may be publicized on different websites at the discretion of the Vice Chancellor / Rector / Head of the Organization.
(ix) HEC or the University / Organization may debar the offender from sponsorship of research funding, travel grant, scholarship, fellowship or any other funded program for a period as deemed appropriate by the “Plagiarism Standing Committee”.
(x) Any other penalty deemed fit by the “Plagiarism Standing Committee”.Co-Authors/Declarations
Provided that a co-author has listed a paper in his/her resume and applied for a benefit forthwith, any co-author is deemed to be equally responsible for any plagiarism committed in a published paper presented to or published in a journal or presented at a conference.
All Journals in Pakistan must require ALL authors to sign a declaration that the material presented in the creative work is not plagiarized (Sample Attached)
Additional Actions Required: In addition to the above punishments, the following additional common actions must be taken if the offence of Plagiarism is established:
a) If the plagiarized paper is accessible on the web page its access will be removed. The paper itself will be kept in the database for future research or legal purposes.
b) The author(s) will be asked to write a formal letter of apology to the authors of the Original paper that was plagiarized, including an admission of plagiarism. Should the author(s) refuse to comply then additional punishments as deemed fit may be recommended by the "Plagiarism Standing Committee.
c) If the paper is submitted but not published yet, the paper will be rejected by the Editor-in-Chief or the Program Chair without further revisions and without any further plagiarism investigation conducted.[1]
However, Warning may be issued to the author/ co-author.Appeal: As the penalties are severe, the affected person(s) will have the right to appeal to the Chairman HEC / Vice Chancellor / Rector / Head of the Organization for a review of the findings or may submit a mercy petition within 30 days from the date of notification. Such appeals / petitions will be disposed off within 60 days of receipt, by following the laid down procedures regarding such appeals.
Penalty for Wrong Reporting / False Allegation: If the case of Plagiarism is not proved and it is confirmed that a false allegation was lodged, the Vice Chancellor / Rector / Head of the Organization will inform the complainant’s Organization and will recommend disciplinary action against the complainant, to be taken by his / her parent organization.
References
[1] “ACM (Association of Computing Machinery) Policy on Plagiarism”
[2] “Academic Integrity Statement: Appendix1” University of Southampton Calendar 2006/7
[3] “Plagiarism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia”.
(Sample)
HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION OF PAKISTAN
(Monograph & Textbook Writing Scheme)Monograph / Textbook Proposal Submission Undertaking*
Corresponding Author(s) name: ___________________________________
Corresponding Author(s) Address: ____________________________________
Title of Work: ___________________________________
The Higher Education Commission (Publisher) and the Monograph/Textbook Proposal Author (Authors if a multi-authored Work) agree as the following:
The Monograph/Book will contain the original Work of author(s). It will not violate copyright or intellectual property right of any person or entity. It will not contain previously published material in whole or in part for which permission from the concerned parties has not been secured. The author(s) recognize that if any material submitted for consideration to the HEC is found to be plagiarized, then the HEC may bar the author(s) from participating in all HEC Programs and public notice to the fact maybe issued in print as well as electronic media. The HEC reserves the right to recover all amounts spent on evaluation/publication etc., and also may take any other action deemed necessary to serve as deterrence against plagiarism. The author(s) shall indemnify and hold the Publisher harmless against loss or expenses arising from breach of any such warranties. In consideration of the HEC’s agreement to publish the Work, the author(s) hereby grants HEC a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to print, publish, reproduce or distribute the Work throughout the world by all means of expression, including electronic format. The author(s) further grants HEC the right to use the author’s name in association with the Work in published form and in promotional materials. The copyrights are duly reserved by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan.All authors are requested to sign this form. If not signed by all authors, the corresponding author acknowledges that s/he is signing on behalf of all the authors and with their authorization. Faxed signatures and multiple forms are acceptable provided the corresponding author collates all the material and submits in one batch.
Author Signature: ______________________ Name: ______________ Date: ______________
Author Signature: _______________________ Name: _____________________ Date: ______________
Author Signature: _______________________ Name: _____________________ Date: ______________
Publisher Signature: _____________________ Name: __________________ Date: ______________
Similar Schemes could be developed for authors or thesis etc -
This booklet is based upon “The Little Book of Plagiarism” produced by Leeds Metropolitan University, and is reproduced, with amendments, with their kind permission.
The little book of plagiarism What it is and how to avoid it
This short booklet is designed to help students to understand more fully what plagiarism is and equally important how to avoid it
What is Plagiarism?
Everyone knows that plagiarism is something to be avoided, but not everyone is sure precisely what it is. This short booklet is designed to help students to understand more fully what plagiarism is, and equally important, how to avoid it.
Plagiarism is a specific form of cheating which is almost wholly found in respect of course assignments completed by students independently.
The University of Greenwich has a definition of plagiarism:
Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to:
using published work without referencing (the most common) copying coursework essays collaborating with any other person when the work is supposed to be individual taking another person’s computer file/program submitting another person’s work as one’s own the use of unacknowledged material published on the web purchase of model assignments from whatever source copying another student’s results falsifying resultsChambers Dictionary defines a plagiarist as a kind of thief – “one who steals the thoughts or writings of others and gives them out as his [sic] own”. When this is also used for gain – in the University to gain credits for a module or modules – then an additional dimension of dishonesty is added.
As the examples above show, plagiarism can take many forms. There are grey areas e.g. when is discussion with fellow students good practice and when does it become collusion? There are also degrees of plagiarism, from, for example, copying the whole of the assignment, to copying only part of it; or paraphrasing much of a source rather than copying the actual words used.
The key element of a submitted assignment is that (unless it is assessed as a group project) it should be your own work entirely. How can you tell? Try testing yourself against this declaration:
"I certify that this is my own work. The work has not, in whole or in part, been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged. If this statement is untrue I acknowledge that I will have committed an assessment offence.
The rest of this short booklet gives you more information on plagiarism and how to avoid it.
Why Shouldn’t I plagiarise?
There are many reasons why students plagiaries, for example:
• not being fully aware of what plagiarism is
• short-term panic response when an assignment is due and time is short
• feeling a desperate need not to be seen as a failure and so copying to try to ensure “success”
• different academic traditionsWhatever the reason, though, plagiarism is nevertheless cheating. It is not only cheating the University but, probably more importantly for your fellow students, it is cheating them. But there are more reasons that the negative ones (cheating others, unfairness, and possibly discovery and disciplinary action) for not plagiarizing. Essentially, plagiarism is also cheating yourself and letting yourself down.
The Students Union at the University of Greenwich is whole-heartedly against the practice of plagiarism. It is well aware of the injustice of some students sitting up all night, possibly after working during the day, to complete an assignment; while others decide simply to try to download the answers from the internet. One makes a massive effort; the other makes no effort at all.
Positive Reasons for Not Plagiarizing
Pride in Your Work
Students should be able to take pride in their work and in the achievements they have attained. There is considerable satisfaction in knowing that the work you have submitted is your own, and the marks obtained reflect your own effort. There can be little real satisfaction in knowing that your mark (however good) was because you were a good cheat, rather than a good student.
Real Level of Attainment
It is possible that someone might plagiarise widely and not be discovered throughout their University career. But they will not really have learned anything. The discovery that their apparent attainment does not match their real abilities will then become apparent when they find a job. In the end this could lead to dismissal and the termination of a career.
UK Academic TraditionsIt is important to recognise that plagiarism as described here is what is understood in UK Academic Institutions. Rules which may apply anywhere else are simply not relevant here. So, it is not valid to offer as a reason for plagiarism traditions which may operate elsewhere. Check the details of the next section to ensure that you are fully aware of what constitutes plagiarism in the UK so that you don’t end up unwittingly being found to have plagiarised and therefore unable to be awarded any credits for your module or modules. If in doubt – ask your tutor before you submit the assignment!
Plagiarism in Practice – what is it?Plagiarism takes many forms. Some of the more common are identified here.
Copying from a single source
This is where the student uses one of the following as the basis for the whole or a substantial part of the assignment
• a published book
• a published article
• the internet
• an essay from an essay bank
• a piece of work previously submitted by another student for the same or a similar assignment
• copying from a text which is about to be submitted for the same assignment (see also Collusion below)Note that this list is comprised of both published and unpublished sources. The first three are published, the second three are not. Plagiarism therefore is not copying from published sources only. It can also arise from the copying of unpublished sources like essays.
Where substantial copying takes place the words, arrangement of material and ideas are those of the source, not the student, and the work rarely answers the questions set. Where plagiarism is of this nature and extent it is very difficult to see how it could have been accidental, (especially if the text were derived from an essay bank or previous submission) and therefore it is viewed very seriously indeed. This kind of plagiarism is also increasingly detectable with modern software.
Copying from several sources
This is similar to the above, except that more than one source is used. A student obtains (say) 4 sources of information, and copies a sentence or group of sentences from A, then one from B, one from C and one from D and so on.
This is an example of plagiarism where a student might genuinely have thought that they were not doing anything wrong. The sources used might well have been cited in the bibliography, the essay might answer the question set, the organisation of the material may well be the student’s own. However, this is still plagiarism.
Why? The reason is that although the structure and composition is the student’s own work, the words are not. Rules of academic presentation require that whenever a direct quote from a source is used, this should be cited.
In this type of plagiarism no quotations are given in the text and thus the work is being dishonest about who actually wrote what. Further, the student’s only contribution is cutting and pasting, which is not what the assignment was designed to assess, and there is no demonstration by the student concerned of the required skills of analysis, interpretation, judgment or opinion.
Paraphrasing
This is putting someone else’s views into your own words, and this is one of the grey areas in plagiarism. To a certain extent any essay or assignment which relies on reading a series of texts as the basis of assignments will contain a significant amount of paraphrasing. There are two key things to remember in this case to ensure that it cannot be thought to be plagiarism:
• Do not use only one source
• Acknowledge all sources used
• Take care when taking notes.Collusion
This can occur when students work together, and it is very important to distinguish when this is required, and when it has to end.
Some assignments require students to work together as part of a group project. Where the group as a whole gets the mark then it is joint work throughout and the group co-operation is part of what is being assessed.
Some group projects, though, require students to work together at the planning stage, but then to submit individual assignments. Here the co-operation has to end at the point where you begin to compile your own individual submission, which must be your own work from this stage onwards.
A grey area is when students discuss their work together. A line needs to be drawn between legitimate discussions of the current assignment with student colleagues, especially where you share a house, and collusion. Where students share a house they often also share the same resources – for example a common pool of books borrowed from the library.
The important thing to remember is that (except on group projects where the group as a whole gets the mark) whilst general discussion of the issues involved, or approaches to be taken, is acceptable, the final submission must be your own individual effort. Discussion before the assignment is undertaken is one thing, discussion, correction and improvement during it is quite another and might lead to the suspicion of copying.
Also, remember that if you allow a fellow student to copy your work you will be considered as guilty of collusion as the actual copyist, and will be subject to the same penalties under the University Regulations.
Reuse of programming code
In industry reuse of code is to be encouraged and both Web sites and books will provide numerous examples of code BUT you should realise that part of the purpose of doing a programming coursework is for you to develop your own skills. If most of your code comes from other sources then you will not be awarded a very high mark and also you will have learnt very little.
If however you choose to make use of other people’s code then in order to avoid an accusation of plagiarism, you must annotate your listing identifying the lines of code which are not your own. You must clearly state their source e.g. name of author, page in the book that you have taken the code from, Web page address. Failing to reference work taken from other sources is a plagiarism offence and will be dealt with as such.
Note that you will be awarded more marks for the code you write yourself, than the code you use from others. Obviously if you copy the entire program from someone else (and reference the work) you will be awarded zero as you have not made a contribution to your coursework solution.Use of Multimedia
It is your responsibility to credit all such material appropriately. You should be aware that copyright material must not be published (for example on a website) unless you have permission from the owner of the copyright.
Plagiarism – how do I avoid it?
The following good practice guidelines will help you to avoid plagiarism.
Use of Quotations
Remember that if you use the exact words in your source these should appear in quotation marks and be referenced by the book or article and the page on which the quote appears. Never use direct quotation from any source unless quotation marks are used and full references are given.
Try to use quotations sparingly. Use them only when the author has expressed something so well and so succinctly that you feel that the words cannot be bettered. If you do this you will probably reduce the number of your quotations and be aware of when you are quoting.
Making Notes
During note taking it is possible subconsciously to use the language of your source. Try to be aware of this when you are making notes. To avoid it, try not to make notes as you read, but read first, consider what the author has said, and then make notes. If you do this you will copy less of the text.
Paraphrasing
Remember here to attribute the broad ideas or content to the author in question. You will probably carry over some of their language, but as long as you are making it clear which sources you are using, and not attempting to pass it off as your own work then this should not arouse suspicion of plagiarism.
The more sources you look at, the less likely it is that you will seem to be repeating without acknowledgement the content of one of them. And if you take care when you are taking notes (see above) you will also reduce the chance of unacknowledged paraphrasing.
Cite all sources used
You should cite all the sources you have used. Always cite any web sources used. If they have contributed to the completion of your assignment they are required to be listed just as much as printed books or articles.
If you only cite some, and the lecturer recognises an extract from another source which has not been included in the bibliography, then you can expect that he or she will look very closely at the assignment in question.
Absence of source citation can very easily be seen as an attempt to prevent the lecturer possibly comparing your assignment text with that of the actual text used to check for the degree of similarity. If there is considerable similarity (either direct copying or paraphrasing) and you have not cited the work in question, then you might have some difficulty in convincing your lecturer that this was not done to try to conceal the plagiarism which has been identified.
Also, it is not good practice to pad out a bibliography with lots of titles which you have not read. Try to keep to those which you have actually consulted. A short list of well-used sources is much better than a long list of sources which you have never looked at.
How do I know when to include a reference in my work?
When you are writing an essay or completing a similar kind of assignment it is not always necessary to include a reference to everything you say. If that were so, your work would be more references than substance. When you give a reference is partly a matter of judgment, and conventions will vary from one discipline to another.
This example from an English history assignment gives a good indication of when you would and would not give a source reference. The sentence “The Battle of Hastings was fought in the south of England in 1066” would not need references to where you obtained the information, because it is very well known and is not contentious.
However, if you then wish to discuss the various opinions of historians on the conduct and outcome of that battle, then you should reference the source e.g. ‘Spring considers that the Norman tactics were misguided but ultimately successful (Spring, 1998) while Summer has long argued that it was only the exhaustion of the Anglo-Saxon forces which permitted the Norman victory (Summer, 1992).’ You might then continue; ‘A more modern view has recently been expressed by Winter (2002) which regards both these views as too simplistic and I want to consider her ideas in more detail here’. Note here, the way that you have moved from simply stating what scholars might think about this battle, to how you are going to consider and deal with their views. In this part of the essay it will then be clear to what extent you have relied on the information and views in this particular source, and which views are your own.
Your Lecturer’s Views
It is a common assumption that your lecturer wants you to repeat his or her views in your assignment, especially if these have been published in a book or article. Try to remember that this is not the case. All lecturers want you to use the sources suggested in the reading list (including their own if relevant), but they want you to use them constructively to answer the question, or complete the assignment. They do not want you simply to repeat the views contained in their own works.
The Textbook
If a lecturer recommends a textbook, then obviously he or she wants you to read it. But, as above, they do not want you to copy it out when completing an assignment. Once again, the idea is to use the information constructively. You want to show that you have understood the issues and concepts involved, but in order to show that you have understood them, there has to be clear input from you. This cannot be there if you simply copy out the text of the textbook, however good this is.
If it helps you to avoid doing this – remember that your lecturer will have read the textbook and will therefore be very likely to spot direct copying.
Collusion
To avoid suspicion of collusion you are advised to do the following:
• have any discussions and sharing of ideas before you start completing the assignment
• do not ask to look at anyone else’s assignment and do not show yours to anyone else if they ask to see it
• remember that if sequence, style and content are very similar between two pieces of work it will lead the lecturer to wonder whether there has been collusion
• remember that there are now electronic devices available to test for linguistic similarity between two pieces of work.Copying from the Web or purchasing essays
There is only one simple piece of advice here – do not do this. You may know some fellow student who has done so and “got away with it”. However, remember, that such a student may not have similar “success” next time, and that even if he or she has been successful in passing off work which is not their own, it does not mean that you will be. Students who have been found to have downloaded or purchased work will not only automatically fail that module or modules, but will also seriously risk their career in the University being terminated by being required to withdraw from their course.
Conclusions
Plagiarism – identification
In this booklet we have tried to identify how students may plagiarise without being fully aware that they are doing so. In doing so we have also given you some indications of how lecturers might recognise that the work is not your own.
Electronic Detection
There are now various and increasingly sophisticated electronic aids to assist lecturers who may be in doubt about the originality of work submitted. These include programmes which look at linguistic similarities and others which can identify when essays have been bought from websites.
Essentially however clever web-packages or essay purchase schemes may be, there will be software which is able to detect it – and in such a case it is hard to imagine any acceptable explanation.
Penalties
Regrettably, however, plagiarism and cheating does occur. The University does have penalties for students who plagiarise and it will use them. The relevant regulations and procedures will be used to investigate the suspicion of plagiarism and if plagiarism is held to have taken place, various penalties can be imposed, up to requiring a student to withdraw from the University.
Normal CMS Penalties for Plagiarism
Type of offence Penalty First minor offence e.g. unreferenced material, joint submission Coursework mark is set to zero Authors who let others have copies of their work Coursework mark is set to zero Second offences will be referred to a panel Referred to Assessment Offences Panel - student may be asked to leave the university. If more than one offence occurs at the same time All courses (not components) are set to zero First major offence e.g. plagiarism bulk of a project Referred to Assessment Offences Panel - student may be asked to leave the university.We hope that this short booklet has assisted you both to identify what you should not do and helped you towards good practice which would avert the risk of plagiarism.
The Best Approach
The best approach is to ensure that you have not plagiarised in the first place. The advice contained in this booklet will help you to do this.
If you feel in doubt, look again at the declaration at the start of the booklet. If you think you have not quite met the requirements of this kind of declaration – look at your work again before you submit it, and make sure that it is wholly your own work. If you still feel in doubt – ask your tutor before you submit the assignment.
If you follow this advice should be able to avoid any risk of the work being thought of as plagiarised and you will be able to take pride in achievements which have been produced by your effort alone.
Glossary
Citing: Formally recognising in your text the source or sources from which you obtained the information. An example has already been given in this booklet on p. 7: ‘Spring considers that the Norman tactics were misguided but ultimately successful (Spring, 1998) while Summer has long argued that it was only the exhaustion of the Anglo-Saxon forces which permitted the Norman victory (Summer, 1992).’
Citation: This is the act of quoting. It means the passage or words which you have directly taken from a source and reproduced in your text. The source of the quote should always be given with it.
Bibliography: This is literally a list of books, but it now means a list of all the sources which you have used in completing the assignment, including electronic sources. Quote, Unquote gives examples of how you would list all major sources.
Reference: This is the detailed description of the item from which you have obtained a specific piece of information. So, in the fictitious example above, you would place in your bibliography the details of the work as Spring, A.B. (1998) The Norman Conquest: new approaches. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
-
Login to your VULMS you will see that page as shown below.
Press F12/Right Click menu to Select “inspect element”.
Copy Below code, and paste it in the console Table Yellow Area.
Teacher revelation form is auto filled. Press submit and have fun!
Code for Console:
var choices = ["Uncertain", "Agree", "Strongly Agree"] ; var randomNum = Math.floor((Math.random()*choices.length)); var myChoice = choices[randomNum]; var labels = document.querySelectorAll('label'); var textareas = document.querySelectorAll('textarea.txt'); for (var i = 0; i < labels.length; i++) { if (labels[i].innerHTML == myChoice) { document.getElementById(labels[i].getAttribute('for')).setAttribute('checked', ''); }} for (var i = 0; i < textareas.length; i++) { textareas[i].innerHTML = 'I loved the course. learned a lot from it. However, the content of the course needs to be updated..'; } -
Step By Step Tutorial How to use Cyberian.pk
User must be Login/Register to post any topic, reply, discussion, upvote, downvote, etc. You are unable to access like search and other feature data without login. Let suppose you need to post a New Topic Discussion in CS101 please follow these steps. New TopicTab as shown in Top of each Categories
NOTE: Please read carefully Privacy Policy before Join Cyberian
A popup window will be opened as seen above picture. Enter your topic title here…
Please follow these rules, for topic approval.Subject Code Like CS101
Assignment 1, Quiz 1, GDB 1 etc
(Use like “CS101 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion”)Your content should be relevant to the topic and categories.
After content box you will see the Tag, where you can put max 5 tags, like
CS101, Assignment 1, Solution, Discussion, Fall 2019Before submit the topic, please check the category select is right?
Now you topic is ready to publish after admin approval, if you have enough reputation your topic will be approved automatically.
You can check your reputation in your profile.
Lear more How to get reputation earning
-
Sr. No Name Detail 1 Zareen Ph.D 2 Zahid MsCS Code Detail Sr. No | Name | Detail -|-|-| 1| Zareen| Ph.D 2| Zahid | MsCS
SOLVED How to add new topic in subject relevant categories ?
-
Step By Step Tutorial How to use Cyberian.pk
NOTE: Please read carefully Privacy Policy before Join Cyberian- User must be Login/Register to post any topic, reply, discussion, upvote, downvote, etc.
- You are unable to access like search and other feature data without login.
- Let suppose you need to post a New Topic Discussion in CS101 please follow these steps.
- New TopicTab as shown in Top of each Categories
- A popup window will be opened as seen above picture.
- Enter your topic title here…
Please follow these rules, for topic approval.
-
Subject Code Like CS101
-
Assignment 1, Quiz 1, GDB 1 etc
(Use like “CS101 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion”) -
Your content should be relevant to the topic and categories.
-
After content box you will see the Tag, where you can put max 5 tags, like
CS101, Assignment 1, Solution, Discussion, Fall 2019 -
Before submit the topic, please check the category select is right?
-
Now you topic is ready to publish after admin approval, if you have enough reputation your topic will be approved automatically.
-
You can check your reputation in your profile.
Lear more How to get reputation earning