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BT201 GDB1 Solution and discussion

zaasmi Cyberian's Gold

Total Marks 10
Starting Date Wednesday, July 31, 2019
Closing Date Friday, August 02, 2019
Status Open
Question Title Mutualism
Question Description
Graded Discussion Board

Spring 2019 – Spring 2019 - BT201 - Ecology, Biodiversity & Evolution-II

Discussion Question:

What is mutualism? Explain with example. Give civil and logical arguments to elaborate this topic.

Guidelines:

 Your discussion must be based on logical facts.

 Your comments on the topic should not exceed 200 words. Exceeding words will result in Zero Marks.

 You should not copy or exchange your answer with other students.  Two identical / copied comments will be marked Zero (0) and may damage your grade in the course.

 Do not engage in Obnoxious or ignoble answers.

Instructions about GDB:

 The GDB will remain open for 3 working days/ 72 hours, opened on 31st July 2019 for discussion and last date for posting your discussion will be 2nd August 2019.

 Questions / queries related to the content of the GDB, which may be posted by the students on MDB or via e-mail, will not be replied till the due date of GDB is over.

 For Detailed Instructions please see the GDB Announcement

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FXAA is the most interesting group of anti-aliasing techniques, these algorithms perform their duties during scene post-processing, after the rendering process. They are all shader-based and cause little to no performance drop, which is their most important advantage. Image quality can vary from one algorithm to another. For example, FXAA is known to make the image look a bit blurry, obviously to the chagrine of some players. Another commonly used technique is SMAA, which usually provides better quality than FXAA while getting around, or at least reducing, the blur effect. Game developers tend to implement their own post-process anti-aliasing algorithms as well. Some of the notable examples are CMAA in Grid: Autosport, AAA (heavily modified FXAA to eliminate blurring) in Metro: Last Light, and T-AA in Rainbow Six: Siege. There are also “injectors” that enable these techniques in games that don’t support post-process anti-aliasing natively.
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@zaasmi said in ENG508 GDB1 Solution and discussion:

What are the benefits and barriers of e-learning with reference to linguistic courses? Do you find an effective guidance from the instructors for your course activities?

Online facilitated and instructor-led courses are usually organized into … used to the online learning platform and for administrators to see if there are any … The course consists of a series of learning activities that can be scheduled on a weekly … learners are too shy or lack language fluency to collaborate effectively in real …
SOLVED ZOO506 GDB1 Solution and discussion
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Diseases and parasites play a major role in most ecosystem dynamics; yet, they have received relatively little attention in ecological modelling [1–3]. Traditionally, ecologists have mostly considered disease outbreaks as disturbances rather than as an integral part of the ecosystem dynamics [4]. However, there is mounting evidence that diseases and parasites play a vital role in the stability and dynamics of most ecosystems [5–9].

In this paper we will consider the effects of a disease that specifically infects juvenile individuals and subsequently prevents the infected individual from producing offspring. The work is inspired by the interaction between the tape worm Ligula intestinalis and its cyprinid fish host species roach (Rutilis rutilis). The parasite has a complex life cycle, involving three host species. The final host species of the parasite are fish eating birds, such as cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), grey herron (Ardea cinerea), and great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus) [10]. In this final host the parasite completes its sexual cycle and produces eggs, which are shed to the water via the faeces of the birds. The larvae of the parasite are eaten by copepods, which in turn are a primary food source for the juvenile fish. After a fish is infected, the parasite settles and grows in the host gut system and may obtain a staggering weight of up to half the host weight [11]. Surprisingly, the physical condition of such a fish-parasite combination can be not noticeably different from uninfected individuals [12]. However, the consequences for the infected fish are severe, as the parasites supress gonad development and consequently prevent the individual from maturing. Even infection with a single parasite can act to sterilize the infected fish [12]. Furthermore, the parasite might induce behavioural changes, such as directing the infected fish to move to the littoral zone, where it can be caught more easily by the fish eating birds and thus complete the parasite life cycle [13,14].

Also the consequences of the parasite infection on the host population dynamics can be extensive. A well-documented case are the recurrent Ligula parasite outbreaks in the roach population of lake Slapton Ley [11,15,16]. The roach population in this lake shows a tendency to build-up a so-called stunted population. In this population state, small juvenile individuals are very numerous. This causes exploitation competition amongst juveniles to be so fierce, that individual growth rate substantially slows down, effectively preventing juveniles from reaching the size necessary for maturation [16,17].

In this stunted population situation, the Ligula parasite can cause a large epidemic, reaching a prevalence of more than 70% of all juveniles being infected [11]. This in turn seems to act to relieve the stuntedness in the juvenile population, causing a reduction in the juvenile population size, with a subsequent acceleration in juvenile growth and maturation, accompanied by a strong reduction of the parasite prevalence. However, hereafter, the stuntedness in the host population slowly rebuilds, after which a second epidemic of the parasite can occur. In the case of the Slapton Ley dataset, such recurrent epidemics were recorded three times, spanning a total period of 31 years [11].

In this paper we will study a mathematical model to investigate the interplay between ecological population dynamics of a potentially stunted population and a disease. Furthermore, we will study the interaction between the disease and a natural predator of the host. In the Ligula–Roach system there are several predators on Roach, including Northern Pike (Esox Lucius) and European Perch (Perca fluvitilis). Often, such predator species are of commercial or recreational interest for fisherman, and stunting of the prey species can greatly affect predator numbers or predator quality. Here, we will study the potential indirect influence of a prey disease on the predator species. For the ecological baseline, we will use a model that we have introduced before for the dynamics of a structured prey population and a predator that attacks adult prey [18,19]. In this model a stunted juvenile prey population can build up due to a maturation bottleneck, and it has a parameter region of bistability between a stunted and non-stunted equilibrium state [19]. To this system we will add a disease that specifically infects juvenile individuals, and that acts to sterilize these individuals and prevents maturation. In this way we can study the indirect interaction between a predator and a disease, that both attack the same host species, but each targeting a different host life stage. For mathematical simplicity, we model a disease that spreads through direct contact. This differs from the parasite infection in the Ligula-Roach system, where the parasite has to pass through two additional host stages. Our simplified model would roughly correspond to a constancy assumption in the copepod and bird populations. Furthermore, we do not explicitly account for individual parasite load, but instead we only distinguish between infected and uninfected individuals.

Our main objective in this paper is to study the effects of a disease that infects and sterilizes juvenile individuals on the population dynamics of its host species. In particular, we will focus on a system where the host population is in a stunted population state, which is strongly dominated by juvenile individuals and where individual growth rate and maturation are strongly reduced. We will map the dynamic consequences of introducing such a disease in a stunted host population state. It will turn out that these consequences strongly depend on the ability of infected juveniles to compete with uninfected conspecifics. We will discuss the biological implications of our results.

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SOLVED CS202 GDB1 Solution and discussion
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Imagine if your css is in inline styles through a 1000 pages of your site. How an earth can you respond quickly as you would need to change all 1000 pages. With an external stylesheet the changes can be made in seconds and the css is cached for the whole site unlike inline styling.

Inline styling is mainly used these days for above the fold rendering on speed critical sites but used very sparingly. Most websites do not need this type of structure if coded correctly in the first place.

Avoid inline styling at all costs unless you have a justified use case as mentioned above or perhaps for dynamic styling with js for some special effects.

In general stylesheets should be external.

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